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Apocrita

Wasps

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taxon links [up-->]Diapriidae [up-->]Platygastroidea [up-->]Ichneumonoidea [up-->]Chalcidoidea [up-->]Evanioidea [up-->]Aculeata [up-->]Stephanoidea [up-->]Megalyroidea [up-->]Cynipoidea [down<--]Hymenoptera Interpreting the tree
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This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.

The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.

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Tree after Dowton and Austin (2001), Ronquist (1999), Sharkey and Roy (2002), and Whitfield (1998).
Containing group: Hymenoptera

Other Names for Apocrita

References

Boucek, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): a biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C.A.B. International, Oxon.

Brothers, D.J. 1975. Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 50:483-648.

Carpenter, J. M. 1987. On the evolutionary genetics of social wasps and the phylogeny of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Insectes Sociaux 34(1):58-64.

Dowton, M. and A. D. Austin. 1994. Molecular phylogeny of the insect order Hymenoptera: Apocritan relationships. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:9911-9915.

Dowton, M. and A. D. Austin. 2001. Simultaneous analysis of 16S, 28S, COI and morphology in the Hymenoptera: Apocrita - evolutionary transitions among parasitic wasps. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74:87-111.

Fergusson, N. D. M. 1988. A comparative study of the structures of phylogenetic importance of female genitalia of the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 13(1):13-30.

Gibson, G.A.P. 1986. Evidence for the monophyly and relationships of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae, and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera: Terebrantes). Can. Ent. 118:205-240.

Leluk, J., J. Schmidt, et al. 1989. Comparative studies on the protein composition of hymenopteran venom reservoirs. Toxicon 27(1):105-114.

Plant, J. D. and H. F. Paulus. 1987. Comparative morphology of the postmentum of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) with special remarks on the evolution of the lorum. Zeitschrift Fuer Zoologische Systematik Und Evolutionsforschung 25(2):81-103.

Saini, M. S. 1986. Comparative studies on the metapostnotal modifications in suborder Symphyta and Hymenoptera Parasitica. Journal Of Entomological Research 10(1):85-90.

Schmidt, J. O., M. S. Blum, et al. 1986. Comparative enzymology of venoms from stinging Hymenoptera. Toxicon 24(9):907-922.

Schoenitzer, K. and G. Lawitzky. 1987. A phylogenetic study of the antenna cleaner in Formicidae, Mutillidae, and Tiphiidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Zoomorphology 107(5):273-286.

Sharkey, M. J. and A. Roy. 2002. Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera: a reanalysis of the Ronquist et al. (1999) reanalysis, emphasizing wing venation and apocritan relationships. Zoologica Scripta 31:57-66.

Whitfield, J. B., N. F. Johnson, et al. 1989. Identity and phylogenetic significance of the metapostnotum in nonaculeate Hymenoptera. Annals Of The Entomological Society Of America 82(6):663-673.

Whitfield, J.B. 1998. Phylogeny and evolution of host-parasitoid interactions in Hymenoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 43:129-151.

Information on the Internet

Title Illustrations
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Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Scientific Name Syngaster lepidus
Acknowledgements Photograph courtesy InsectImages.org (#1295001)
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Sex Female
Source Collection Bugwood Network/Forestry Images
Copyright © Dong-Hwan Choe, University of California
Scientific Name Pelecinus sp. (Pelecinidae)
Location Cotopaxi, Ecuador
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Sex Female
Copyright © 2003 Alex Wild
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Citing this page:

Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Apocrita. Wasps. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Apocrita/11162/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

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This page is a Tree of Life Branch Page.

Each ToL branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the Tree of Life. The major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the Tree of Life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages.

For a more detailed explanation of the different ToL page types, have a look at the Structure of the Tree of Life page.

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