Temporary Page

Mammalia

Mammals

Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
 African lion
taxon links [up-->]Marsupialia [up-->]Eutheria [up-->]Monotremata extinct icon extinct icon extinct icon [down<--]Therapsida Interpreting the tree
close box

This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.

The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.

example of a tree diagram

You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.

For more information on ToL tree formatting, please see Interpreting the Tree or Classification. To learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our Phylogenetic Biology pages.

close box
Containing group: Therapsida

Other Names for Mammalia

References

Agustí, J. and M. Antón. 2002 Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids: 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe. Columbia University Press, New York.

Allard, M. W., R. L. Honeycutt, and M. J. Novacek. 1999. Advances in higher level mammalian relationships. Cladistics 15:213-219.

Alroy, J. 1999. The fossil record of North American mammals: evidence for a paleocene evolutionary radiation. Systematic Biology 48:107-118.

Archibald, J. D. 2003. Timing and biogeography of the eutherian radiation: fossils and molecules compared. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28(2):350-359.

Arnason, U. J. A. Adegoke, K. Bodin, E. W. Born, Y. B. Esa, A. Gullberg, M. Nilsson, R. V. Short, X. Xu, and A. Janke. 2002. Mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 99:8151-8156.

Asher, R. J., M. J. Novacek, J. H. Geisler. 2003. Relationships of endemic African mammals and their fossil relatives based on morphological and molecular evidence. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10:131?194.

Benton, M. J. 1999. Early origins of modern birds and mammals: molecules vs. morphology. BioEssays 21:1043-1051.

Bever, G. S., T. Rowe, E. G. Ekdale, T. E. Macrini, M. W. Colbert, and A. M. Balanoff. 2005. Comment on "Independent origins of middle ear bones in monotremes and therians" (I). Science 309(5740):1492.

Bromham, L., M. J. Phillips, and D. Penny. 1999. Growing up with dinosaurs: molecular dates and the mammalian radiation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:113-118.

Cifelli, R. L. 1999. Tribosphenic mammal from the North American Early Cretaceous. Nature 401:363-366.

Cifelli, R. L. 2001. Early mammal radiations. Journal of Paleontology 75:1214-1226.

de Jong, W. W. 1998. Molecules remodel the mammalian tree. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:270-275.

Eisenberg, J. F. 1981. The Mammalian Radiations. An Analysis of Trends in Evolution, Adaption, and Behavior. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Flynn, J. J. and A. R. Wyss. 1998. Recent advances in South American mammalian paleontology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:449-454.

Ginsberg, J. R. 2001. Biodiversity of mammals. Pages 777-810 in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Volume 3. S. A. Levin, ed. Academic Press, San Diego, California.

Hedges, S. B., P. H. Parker, C. G. Sibley, and S. Kumar. 1996. Continental breakup and the ordinal diversification of birds and mammals. Nature 381:226-229.

Helgen, K. M. 2003. Major mammalian clades: a review under consideration of molecular and paleontological evidence. Mammalian Biology 68:1-15.

Horovitz, I. and M. R. Sanchez-Villagra. 2003. A morphological analysis of marsupial mammal higher-level phylogenetic relationships. Cladistics 19(3):181-212.

Janke, A., N. J. Gemmell, G. Feldmaier-Fuchs, A. von Haeseler, and S. Pääbo. 1996. The Mitochondrial Genome of a Monotreme - The Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Journal of Molecular Evolution 42:53-159

Janke, A., O. Magnell, G. Wieczorek, M. Westerman, and U. Arnason. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA and the mitochondrial genomes of the wombat, Vombatus ursinus, and the spiny anteater, Tachyglossus aculeatus: increased support for the Marsupionta hypothesis. Journal of Molecular Evolution 54:71?80.

Janke, A., X. Xu, and U. Arnason. 1997. The complete mitochondrial genome of the wallaroo (Macropus robustus) and the phylogenetic relationship among Monotremata, Marsupialia, and Eutheria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 94:1276-1281.

Ji, Q., Z. X. Luo, and S. A. Ji. 1999. A Chinese triconodont mammal and mosaic evolution of the mammalian skeleton. Nature 398:326-330.

Ji, Q., Z. X. Luo, C. X. Yuan, J. R. Wible, J. P. Zhang, and J. A. Georgi. 2002. The earliest known eutherian mammal. Nature 416(6883):816-822.

Kemp, T. S. 2005. The Origin and Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press.

Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., R. L. Cifelli, and Z.-X. Luo. 2004. Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press.

Killian, J. K., T. R. Buckley, N. Stewart, B. L. Munday, and R. L. Jirtle. 2001. Marsupials and eutherians reunited: genetic evidence for the Theria hypothesis of mammalian evolution. Mammalian Genome 12:513-517.

Kirsch, J. A. W. and G. C. Mayer. 1998. The platypus is not a rodent: DNA hybridization, amniote phylogeny and the palimpsest theory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 353:1221-1237.

Kullberg, M., B. M. Hallström, U. Arnason, and A. Janke. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of 1.5 Mbp and platypus EST data refute the Marsupionta hypothesis and unequivocally support Monotremata as sister group to Marsupialia/Placentalia. Zoologica Scripta 37(2):115–127.

Lin Y.-H., P. A. McLenachan, A. R. Gore, M. J. Phillips, R. Ota, M. D. Hendy, and D. Penny. 2002. Four new mitochondrial genomes and the increased stability of evolutionary trees of mammals from improved taxon sampling. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19(12):2060-2070.

Luo, Z. X., P. J. Chen, G. Li, and M. Chen. 2007. A new eutriconodont mammal and evolutionary development in early mammals. Nature 446(7133):288-293.

Luo, Z.-X., Q. Ji, J. R. Wible, and C.-X. Yuan. 2003. An Early Cretaceous Tribosphenic Mammal and Metatherian Evolution. Science 302(5652):1934-1940.

Macdonald, D. (ed.) 2001. The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Mackinnon, J. 2000. New mammals in the 21st century? Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 87:63-66.

McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.

Novacek, M. J. 1992. Mammalian phylogeny–shaking the tree. Nature 356:121-125.

Novacek, M. J. 2001. Mammalian phylogeny: Genes and supertrees. Current Biology 11:R573-R575.

Nowak, R.M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. Sixth Edition. Volumes I and II. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Palma, R. E. and A. E. Spotorno. 1999. Molecular systematics of marsupials based on the rRNA 12S mitochondrial gene: The phylogeny of didelphimorphia and of the living fossil microbiotheriid Dromiciops gliroides Thomas. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13:525-535.

Penny, D. and M. Hasegawa. 1997. The platypus put in its place. Nature 387:549-550.

Penny, D., M. Hasegawa, P.J. Waddell, and M. D. Hendy. 1999. Mammalian evolution: Timing and implications from using the LogDeterminant transform for proteins of differing amino acid composition. Systematic Biology 48:76-93.

Phillips, M. J. and D. Penny. 2003. The root of the mammalian tree inferred from whole mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28(2):171-185.

Prothero, D. R. 2006. After the Dinosaurs: The Age of Mammals. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

Rauhut, O. W. M., T. Martin, E. Ortiz-Jaureguizar, and P. Puerta. 2002. A jurassic mammal from South America. Nature 416(6877):165-168.

Reyes A., C. Gissi, F. Catzeflis, E. Nevo, G. Pesole, and C. Saccone. 2004. Congruent mammalian trees from mitochondrial and nuclear genes using Bayesian methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21:397-403.

Rich, T. H., T. F. Flannery, P. Trusler, and L. Kool. 2002. Evidence that monotremes and ausktribosphenids are not sistergroups. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(2):466-469.

Rich, T. H., J. A. Hopson, A. M. Musser, T. F. Flannery, and P. Vickers-Rich. 2005. Independent origins of middle ear bones in monotremes and therians. Science 307:910-914.

Rich, T. H., J. A. Hopson, A. M. Musser, T. F. Flannery, and P. Vickers-Rich. 2005. Response to Comments on "Independent Origins of Middle Ear Bones in Monotremes and Therians." Science309(5740):1492.

Rich, T. H., P. Vickers-Rich, A. Constantine, T. F. Flannery, L. Kool, and N. van-Klaveren. 1997. A tribosphenic mammal from the Mesozoic of Australia. Science 278:1438-1442.

Rose, K. D. 2006. The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Rougier, G. W., A. M. Forasiepi, and A. G. Martinelli. 2005. Comment on "Independent Origins of Middle Ear Bones in Monotremes and Therians" (II). Science 309(5740):1492.

Shoshani, J. and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Higher taxonomic relationships among extant mammals based on morphology, with selected comparisons of results from molecular data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9:572-584.

Sidor, C. A. 2003. Evolutionary trends and the origin of the mammalian lower jaw. Paleobiology 29(4):605-640.

Springer, M. S., A. Burk, J. R. Kavanagh, V. G. Waddell, and M. J. Stanhope. 1997. The interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein gene in therian mammals: Implications for higher level relationships and evidence for loss of function in the marsupial mole. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 94:13754-13759.

Springer, M. S., M. Westerman, J. R. Kavanagh, A. Burk, M. O. Woodburne, D. J. Kao, and C. Krajewski. 1998. The origin of the Australasian marsupial fauna and the phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic monito del monte and marsupial mole. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 265:2381-2386.

Szalay, F. S., M. J. Novacek, and M. C. McKenna (eds.) 1993. Mammal Phylogeny. Volume 1. Mesozoic Differentiation, Multituberculates, Monotremes, Early Eutherians, and Marsupials. Springer Verlag, New York.

van Rheede, T., T. Bastiaans, D. N. Boone, S. B. Hedges, W. W. de Jong, and O. Madsen. 2006. The platypus is in its place: Nuclear genes and indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and therians. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23:587-597.

Waddell, P. J., H. Kishino, and R. Ota. 2001. A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics. Genome Informatics Series. Workshop On Genome Informatics Volume 12 :141-154.

Wang, Y., W. M. Clemens, Y. Hu, and C. Li. 1998: A probable pseudo-tribosphenic upper molar from the Late Jurassic of China and the early radiation of the Holotheria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18:777-787.

Wilkinson, M. 1999. Choosing and interpreting a tree for the oldest mammal. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19:187-190.

Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder, eds. 2005. Mammal Species of the World. Third Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

Woodburne, M. O., T. H. Rich and M. S. Springer. 2003. The evolution of tribospheny and the antiquity of mammalian clades. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28(2):360-385.

Information on the Internet

Links to sites focussing on African and European mammals can be found on the Eutheria page.

Fossil Mammals

Title Illustrations
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Scientific Name Macropus giganteus
Location Goorooyarroo Nature Reserve, ACT, Australia
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Life Cycle Stage juvenile and adult
Source Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus)
Source Collection Flickr
Image Use creative commons This media file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 2.0.
Copyright © 2008 David Cook Wildlife Photography
African lion
Scientific Name Panthera leo
Location Okavango Delta, Botswana
Comments African lion
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Copyright © 2000 Greg and Marybeth Dimijian
Scientific Name Tachyglossus aculeatus
Location Australia
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Source Echidna
Source Collection Flickr
Image Use creative commons This media file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 2.0.
Copyright © 2008 Julian Robinson
About This Page

Page: Tree of Life Mammalia. Mammals. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.

Citing this page:

Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Mammalia. Mammals. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Mammalia/15040/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

edit this page
close box

This page is a Tree of Life Branch Page.

Each ToL branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the Tree of Life. The major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the Tree of Life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages.

For a more detailed explanation of the different ToL page types, have a look at the Structure of the Tree of Life page.

close box

Mammalia

Page Content

articles & notes

Treehouses

collections

people

Explore Other Groups

random page

  go to the Tree of Life home page
top